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Dogs of the Dow
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Norm Speaks
Investors seeking income often buy stocks that pay a healthy dividend. Canadian dividends are taxed more favorably than interest from GICs but dividends may be reduced and the initial investment is not guaranteed. Dividend investors employ a variety of popular approaches to pick stocks including dividend growth, relative dividend yield and the Dogs of the Dow. In this article I focus on the Dogs of the Dow which is wildly popular in both Canada and the U.S. but has its flaws.
The basic Dogs formula is to buy an equal amount of the top ten yielding stocks in the Dow each year. The approach was first advocated by Michael O'Higgins in his book Beating the Dow. From 1973 to 1996 the Dogs of the Dow returned 20.3% which far surpassed the Dow's return of 15.8%. O'Higgins also suggested two variants which I'll call the Dow Five and the Dow Four. The Dow Five is formed by selecting the five lowest priced of the Dogs of the Dow. The Dow Four further refines the list and holds the four highest priced of the Dow Five (See Table 1).
| Table 1: The Dogs of the Dow | ||||
| Company Name | Price | Dividend Yield | Dow 5 | Dow 4 |
| Eastman Kodak Company | 26.25 | 6.9% | Yes | |
| Philip Morris Companies Inc. | 48.81 | 4.8% | ||
| General Motors Corporation | 49.77 | 4.0% | ||
| J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. | 35.91 | 3.8% | Yes | Yes |
| E. I. du Pont de Nemours | 40.68 | 3.4% | ||
| Caterpillar Inc. | 48.98 | 2.9% | ||
| SBC Communications Inc. | 36.51 | 2.8% | Yes | Yes |
| Honeywell International Inc. | 29.35 | 2.6% | Yes | Yes |
| International Paper Company | 38.22 | 2.6% | Yes | Yes |
| Exxon Mobil Corporation | 38.40 | 2.4% | ||
| Source: msn.com January 22 2002 | ||||
The Motley Fool (www.fool.com) went a step further and created the Foolish Four. The Foolish Four tweaks the Dow Four by putting 40% of the portfolio in the lowest priced stock (currently Honeywell) and 20% in each of the others (J.P. Morgan, SBC & International Paper).
Why bother with all of these variations? Each has a better performance record than the last (See Table 2). With strong past performance many investors jumped on the Dogs bandwagon.
| Table 2: High Dividend Yield Strategies 1973-1996 | |
| Strategy | Average Annual Return |
| DJIA | 15.80% |
| Dogs of the Dow | 20.31% |
| Dow Five | 23.40% |
| Dow Four | 26.41% |
| Foolish Four | 28.03% |
| Source: Mining Fool's Gold | |
Popularity bred criticism and charges of data mining. Data mining is the process of testing many different stock-picking methods against the historical record to find a winning approach. For every one hundred methods tested a handful of apparent winners will be found by chance alone. These apparent winners are nothing more than statistical artifacts and are unlikely to be profitable in the future. Data mining is compounded when the researcher tweaks a successful method to achieve additional gains. Continual tweaking will eventually result in a scheme that captures all of the best possible picks from the historical record. High gains on paper but these hyper-optimized methods regularly fail dramatically when put into practice.
The many Dogs of the Dow approaches seem to follow a data mining pattern. They start with the basic high-yield model and move into refinements. There are a variety of tests that can be used to detect data mining but perhaps the simplest is to keep an eye out for strange parameters. For instance, picking high-yield stocks may make sense but why select stocks based on price-per-share? A stock's price, on its own, doesn't represent anything fundamental about a company. After all, management could wake up one morning and split the stock two-for-one. After the split, there'd be twice as many shares each selling for half the price. Why should the Fool's pick a stock after an arbitrary split but not before?
Weird criteria can often be explained away but if an approach is good then it should stand the test of time. Change the study period and the approach should still work. This is exactly what Grant McQueen and Steven Thorley did in their entertaining study "Mining Fool's Gold". Instead of looking at the 1973 to 1996 period they took a step back and examined the 1949 to 1972 period. From 1949 to 1972 the Dow gained an average of 14.11% a year whereas the Foolish Four gained 14.43% a year. A 0.32% performance boost is slight and quickly eroded by the corrosive impact of taxes and commissions. The Fool's themselves pulled the approach saying
"Our analysis of the Foolish Four over the last 50 years is likely to please no one. The results are mixed, but show some weak support for the proposition that the high yield/low price formula we've used does tend to select stocks that outperform. However, the outperformance is at a much lower level than we found in our original study and is not high enough to justify our continued endorsement." -M.F.
If the complicated Foolish Four doesn't work then what about the basic high-yield approach? Here the evidence is mixed. David Dreman in Contrarian Investment Strategies: The Next Generation studied high-yield US stocks from January 1 1970 to December 31 1996 and found some evidence for outperformance (See Table 3). In his study Dreman looked at the largest 1,500 stocks in the US and sorted them into groups of five ("quinitiles") based on their price-to-dividend ratio. The 20% lowest price-to-dividend (or highest dividend yield) stocks are put into quintile one and the highest 20% (lowest yielders) are put into quintile five. Over this period selecting the second lowest price-to-dividend group each year was profitable (before taxes and commissions) and returned 17.5% vs. 14.9% for the market.
| Table 3: David Dreman's High Yield Study | ||||||
| Dividend | 8.0% | 5.4% | 3.9% | 2.2% | 0.7% | 4.0% |
| Capital Gain | 8.2% | 12.1% | 11.2% | 11.6% | 11.5% | 10.9% |
| Total Return | 16.1% | 17.5% | 15.1% | 13.8% | 12.2% | 14.9% |
| P/D Quintile | High Yield | 2 | 3 | 4 | Low Yield | Market |
| Data: 1,500 Large US Companies from 1970 to 1996 | ||||||
Before getting too happy about a high-yield approach it is useful to look at as much history as possible. Here I turn to What Works on Wall Street by James O'Shaughnessy and his broad study of high-yield US stocks from 1951 to 1996 (See Table 4). O'Shaughnessy split his universe of stocks into groups of ten ("deciles") with the top 10% of yields in decile one and the lowest 10% of yields in decile ten. A slight high-yield advantage remains but avoiding the highest yielding stocks continues to be a better strategy. The difference between the market's return of 13.2% and the 14.0% returned by high-yielding stocks is only 0.8%. Once again, taxes and commissions can easily consume more than 0.8% per year.
| Table 4: O'Shaughnessy's High Yield Study | ||||||||||
| Decile | High Yield | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Low Yield |
| Return | 14.0% | 13.8% | 15.1% | 14.3% | 13.4% | 13.5% | 12.6% | 13.0% | 11.7% | 11.8% |
| Data: US companies from 1952 to1996 with a market cap larger than $150M | ||||||||||
One possible reason for the lackluster performance of the highest yielding stocks is that there is an increased risk that they will cut their dividend. Dividend yield is usually based on last year's dividend divided by the current stock price. Should a company falter its stock price usually goes down rapidly which pushes up the apparent dividend yield. If the stock is in real trouble then its dividend is often reduced or cut altogether. Suddenly a juicy yield of 10% based on past dividends disappears. A very unhappy circumstance. Dividend investors should make sure that a company earns more than enough to cover its dividend and that it is reasonably likely to do so in the future.
A simple high-yield strategy appears to provide a slight performance boost but the pickings are slim. Backing away from the highest yielding stocks looks like a better strategy. These stocks are more likely to have dividends that are well covered by earnings and may experience dividend growth. In the end it is important to avoid being too greedy when it comes to high-yield stocks and fancy strategies.
Sources:
Web Sources:
Disclosure:
Phillip Morris is currently my largest public stock holding.
First published in March 2002.
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A Dan Hallett and Associates Inc. publication. Norm Rothery, Ph.D., CFA, is the Chief Investment Strategist at Dan Hallett and Associates Inc. (DH&A) and the founder of StingyInvestor.com. DH&A is registered as Investment Counsel in the province of Ontario. Norm, DH&A, or related-parties may have an interest in the securities mentioned. More...